A Comparative Study of Human Characteristics in the Thought of René Descartes and Paulo Freire and a Critique Based on the Anthropological Foundations of the Fundamental Reform Document of Education in the Islamic Republic of Iran

Abstract

Purpose: This study aims to compare the anthropological characteristics of the human being in Cartesian modern thought and Freirean postmodern/critical thought and to critically evaluate them based on the anthropological foundations of Iran’s Fundamental Reform Document of Education.

Methodology: This qualitative, fundamental–analytical study adopted a descriptive–interpretive approach. Data were collected through qualitative meta-synthesis of authoritative texts, including Descartes’ major philosophical works, Freire’s foundational educational writings, and the official text of the Fundamental Reform Document of Education. Data analysis was conducted using thematic analysis with open, axial, and selective coding. Frankena’s practical syllogism model was employed to distinguish descriptive propositions, normative propositions, and foundational principles for systematic comparison and normative critique.

Findings: The findings indicate that Cartesian anthropology emphasizes foundational rationality, the self-grounding subject, mind–body dualism, and epistemic individualism, resulting in the marginalization of social and spiritual dimensions. Freirean anthropology conceptualizes the human being as historical, social, and becoming, highlighting critical consciousness, dialogue, social praxis, and justice, while lacking a systematic articulation of the human–God relationship. The Fundamental Reform Document proposes an integrative anthropological model that recognizes rational, moral, spiritual, social, and physical dimensions, emphasizing divine nature, human dignity, social responsibility, and the integration of reason and faith.

Conclusion: The study concludes that the Fundamental Reform Document of Education offers a comprehensive and normative anthropological alternative that transcends the reductionisms of modern and postmodern paradigms by rearticulating human rationality, social engagement, and spirituality within a coherent ethical and theological framework.